This study investigates the effects of hearing loss and amplification on Mandarin consonant perception. 44 listeners with varying degrees of hearing loss were tested, both with and without the use of hearing aids. Consonant recognition was strongly correlated with the hearing threshold (r = -0.87), and was significantly improved by hearing-aid amplification (by more than 20% in group means) but was still not perfect. The underlying reasons are discussed. Furthermore, confusion patterns were analyzed and compared with those of normal-hearing listeners in the literature. The most challenging Mandarin consonants for hearing-impaired listeners include consonants with a spectral center of gravity in the high-frequency range (such as s and z), consonants with short duration (such as b, d, and g), and aspirated stops (such as p, t, and k). The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of the difficulties experienced by Mandarin-speaking listeners with hearing loss.