ISCA Archive Eurospeech 2003
ISCA Archive Eurospeech 2003

Vocal tract normalization as linear transformation of MFCC

Michael Pitz, Hermann Ney

We have shown previously that vocal tract normalization (VTN) results in a linear transformation in the cepstral domain. In this paper we show that Mel-frequency warping can equally well be integrated into the framework of VTN as linear transformation on the cepstrum. We show examples of transformation matrices to obtain VTN warped Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (VTN-MFCC) as linear transformation of the original MFCC and discuss the effect of Mel-frequency warping on the Jacobian determinant of the transformation matrix. Finally we show that there is a strong interdependence of VTN and Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (MLLR) for the case of Gaussian emission probabilities.